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Many debates about the moral status of things for example, debates about the natural rights of human fetuses or nonhuman animals eventually migrate towards a discussion of the capacities of the things in question for example, their capacities to feel pain, think, or love. Yet the move towards capacities is often controversial: if a human's capacities are the basis of its moral status, how could a human having lesser capacities than you and I have the same "serious" moral status as you and I? This book answers this question by arguing that if something is human, it has a set of typical human capacities; that if something has a set of typical human capacities, it has serious moral status; and thus all human beings have the same sort of serious moral status as you and I. Beginning from what our common intuitions tell us about situations involving "temporary incapacitation" where a human organism has, then loses, then regains a certain capacity this book argues for substantive conclusions regarding human fetuses and embryos, humans in a permanent vegetative state, humans suffering from brain diseases, and humans born with genetic disorders. Since these conclusions must have some impact on our ongoing moral and political debates about the proper treatment of such humans, this book will be useful to professionals and students in philosophy, bioethics, law, medicine, and public policy.

Philosophy. --- Ethics. --- Theory of Medicine/Bioethics. --- Philosophy of Medicine. --- Philosophy of Mind. --- Public Health. --- Philosophy (General). --- Ethics. --- medicine --- Philosophy of mind. --- Public health. --- Medical ethics. --- Morale --- Philosophie de l'esprit --- Santé publique --- Ethique médicale --- Philosophy.

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In the temporal becoming of individualizing life the actual present passes into past and comes to be reflected and recaptured in memory. While the vital logos of beingness recollects for its constitutive use (employment) fragments from memory ˜s magazine, ensuring constructive continuity in accordance with its genetic patterns, the creative logos of the human mind also is indebted in contrast to the work of memory in creative imagination for the essential role it plays in the selective transformation, invention, projection that informs the felt and intelligible logos of human selfhood, personality, meaning, fullness, destiny... within the human community and the world of life. As fragmentary and seemingly disjointed as it is in relation to concrete subjective experience, memory as it surges from the past into the actual present, even though subject to transformation, maintains an essential link to constituting reality, yes, but more importantly outlines the future. The creative imagination of the logos of human mind projects horizons for the vertiginous past. An encircling continuity of sense then embraces the earliest evolution of humankind, on the one extreme, and the fulgurations of the sacral logos, on the other. Hence we may consider memory as sustaining the sensing the logos of the human orbit with its horizons. In its innumerably differentiated role we may find its unifying stream only upon the primogenital - ontopoietic - platform of the logos of life.

Biology --- filosofie --- Psychiatry --- psychiatrie --- existentialisme --- Philosophy of nature --- biologie --- persoonlijkheidsleer --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Philosophy. --- Phenomenology. --- Philosophy of Mind. --- Philosophy of Nature. --- Psychoanalysis. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Philosophy (General). --- Philosophy of mind. --- Philosophy of nature. --- Life sciences. --- Phénoménologie --- Philosophie de l'esprit --- Philosophie de la nature --- Psychanalyse --- Sciences de la vie --- Husserl, Edmund, --- #TS:KOMA --- Periodicals --- Theory of knowledge --- Husserl, Edmund --- Phenomenology --- Husserl, Edmund, - 1859-1938.

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During the early modern era (c. 1600-1800), philosophers formulated a number of new questions, methods of investigation, and theories regarding the nature of the mind. The result of their efforts has been described as "the original cognitive revolution." Topics in Early Modern Philosophy of Mind provides a comprehensive snapshot of this exciting period in the history of thinking about the mind, presenting studies of a wide array of philosophers and topics. Written by some of today's foremost authorities on early modern philosophy, the ten chapters address issues ranging from those that have long captivated philosophers and psychologists as well as those that have been underexplored. Likewise, the papers engage figures from the history of ideas who are well-known today (Descartes, Hume, Kant) as well as those who have been comparatively neglected by contemporary scholarship (Desgabets, Boyle, Collins). This volume will become an essential reference work that graduate students and professionals in the fields of philosophy of mind, the history of philosophy, and the history of psychology will want to own.

filosofie --- History of philosophy --- persoonlijkheidsleer --- geschiedenis --- Psychology --- Philosophical anthropology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy of mind --- Mind, Philosophy of --- Mind, Theory of --- Theory of mind --- Philosophy --- Cognitive science --- Metaphysics --- History

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This book provides the blueprint of a thinking machine. While most of the current works in Artificial Intelligence (AI) focus on individual aspects of intelligence and cognition, the project described in this book, Non-Axiomatic Reasoning System (NARS), is designed and developed to attack the AI problem as a whole. This project is based on the belief that what we call "intelligence" can be understood and reproduced as "the capability of a system to adapt to its environment while working with insufficient knowledge and resources". According to this idea, a novel reasoning system is designed, which challenges all the dominating theories in how such a system should be built. The system carries out reasoning, learning, categorizing, planning, decision making, etc., as different facets of the same underlying process. This theory also provides unified solutions to many problems in AI, logic, psychology, and philosophy. This book is the most comprehensive description of this decades-long project, including its philosophical foundation, methodological consideration, conceptual design details, its implications in the related fields, as well as its similarities and differences to many related works in cognitive sciences.

Artificial intelligence. --- Logic. --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Methodology --- Information Technology --- Artificial Intelligence --- Consciousness. --- Semantics. --- Philosophy of mind. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Cognitive Psychology. --- Philosophy of Mind. --- Philosophy. --- Mind, Philosophy of --- Mind, Theory of --- Theory of mind --- Metaphysics --- Philosophical anthropology --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Spirit --- Self --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy and science. --- Cognitive psychology. --- Psychology, Cognitive --- Science and philosophy

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We humans are collectively driven by a powerful - yet not fully explained - instinct to understand. We would like to see everything established, proven, laid bare. The more important an issue, the more we desire to see it clarified, stripped of all secrets, all shades of gray. What could be more important than to understand the Universe and ourselves as a part of it? To find a window onto our origin and our destiny? This book examines how far our modern cosmological theories - with their sometimes audacious models, such as inflation, cyclic histories, quantum creation, parallel universes - can take us towards answering these questions. Can such theories lead us to ultimate truths, leaving nothing unexplained? Last, but not least, Heller addresses the thorny problem of why and whether we should expect to find theories with all-encompassing explicative power.

Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Popular Science, general. --- Science (General). --- Physics. --- Epistemology. --- Metaphysics. --- Mathematical logic. --- Astronomy. --- Astrophysics. --- Cosmology. --- Popular works. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Physical sciences --- Space sciences --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- God --- Ontology --- Philosophy --- Philosophy of mind --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Psychology --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Dynamics --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Cosmology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Genetic epistemology. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Developmental psychology